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Chemical Composition and Formation Process

Artisans make Glass beads from silica (SiO₂) and various other compounds to create different types, such as soda-lime, borosilicate, and lead. The basic process involves melting these materials at high temperatures and then shaping the molten material into beads. Coloring and color marking may be obtained in several ways: by the addition of coloring ions; precipitation of nanometer-sized colloids; colored inclusions; light scattering; dichroic coatings; colored coatings.

Names and Alternative Names

The term “glass” derives from the Germanic word “glas,” which comes from a root meaning “to shine.” Alternative names include “frit beads,” “trade beads,” and “seed beads.” The name “seed beads” comes from their small size, resembling seeds.

Mythology and Legends

Ancient Egypt: The beads were magical and were used in amulets and jewelry. They had protective properties.
In Venice and Africa, the beads used as a currency, due to which in Africa they also had the name “salve beads”.
Native American Uses: Native Americans valued Glass beads and used them for decoration and ceremonial purposes.

Mining, Production and Use

Historic Production:

Bead production dates back to ancient Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE. The Egyptians perfected the art, creating faience beads with a glassy surface. In ancient Rome, Romans advanced techniques in glassblowing and bead making.
During the Middle Ages, Venice became the center of glass bead production, particularly on the island of Murano. Venetian beads were renowned for their quality and intricate designs.

Modern Production:

Today, the beads enjoy production worldwide. Notable production centers include Murano (Italy), the Czech Republic, and India.
The manufacturing process involves melting silica and other materials in furnaces, then shaping the molten glass into beads. Techniques include lampworking, where glass rods are melted and wound around a mandrel, and pressed glass, where molten glass is pressed into molds.

Uses:

Artists use Glass beads in jewelry, embroidery, and art, but also scientific applications, such as in laboratory equipment and optical devices..